Land Changes After Ww2 Essays - House Of Habsburg-Lorraine

Land Changes After Ww2 Bruce Wayne Per. 4 04-09-01 Occasions that prompted World War One At the point when individuals are discussing war, they appear to consistently need to recognize what began it. There are numerous things that can cause a war. For instance, World War One was begun in view of numerous things: patriotism, working of arms, ensnaring of collusions, and dominion. Patriotism lead to war since Serbia energized the individuals in Austria - Hungary to radical and join Serbians. Serbia was worn out on being bossed around by Austria-Hungary and needed to be disregarded. Additionally, after the drop out of the Ottoman Domain, later renamed Turkey, Russia and Austria-Hungary nearly did battle. The reason they nearly did battle was that Austria-Hungary attached Bosnia and Herzegovina. During this timeframe Great Britain had the main naval force on the planet. Incredible Britain with their naval force controlled the oceans. Germany hated this and began building its own naval force. The race was on, who might have the better naval force Germany or Extraordinary Britain? Germany did anyway have one bit of leeway over Great Britains naval force, their boats would be more current. Germany previously had the main armed force and in the event that they achieved their objective of building the best naval force they could have been relentless. Numerous nations were currently framing unions with each other to ensure themselves from different nations. There were six significant nations associated with the war. Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy shaped the Triple Alliance. Incredible Britain, Russia, furthermore, France framed the Triple Entente. Since every nation had a partnership with other nations, no one dreaded war. Government additionally assumed its job that lead to World War One. Germany got a late start in the settlement race. France was having issues with Germany over Morocco (a French settlement). Germany needed to take this settlement from France yet France would not let them have it. France alone couldn't deal with Germany so Great Britain went to its guide. Germany dreaded a thrashing by these two nations so it withdrew. Every one of these things hinted at World War One yet what began World War One was a little mishap contrasted with everything else that has occurred. On June 28, 1914, Arch duke Franz Ferdinand was visiting Sarajevo, state house of the Austrian Province Bosnia. On this day Franz Ferdinand was killed by a Slavic radical named Gavrilo Princip. Austria-Hungary blamed this episode so as to begin a war that was at that point building up. Numerous things lead to war. Its not only one occurrence. It took numerous mishaps for World War One to start, the demise of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was only a reason to start a war. History

Analyze The Supply Chain Channels Of Uncle Brian’s Tourism Company

Question: Talk about the Analyze The Supply Chain Channels Of Uncle Brians Tourism Company. Answer: Presentation The primary point of the accompanying report is to dissect the flexibly chain channels, worldwide coordinations and other diverse key administration components of Uncle Brians the travel industry organization. The scientist has begun the venture with a concise diagram of the organization and has continued with the conversation of the referenced key components of the organization. Diagram Uncle Brians is a travel industry organization situated in Queensland of the nation Australia. Headquartered in 40a Hannam Street, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia the organization has a wide notoriety both broadly and globally to direct rainforest visits (unclebrians.com.au). The travel industry organization works visits both to Atherton Tablelands and Cape Tribulation. The most fantastic visit being the Fun Falls and Forest which is a breathtaking excursion along Arthelon Table land arranged in North Queensland. The organization works an exceptional transport known as the Gus, the marvel transport. The transport takes the vacationers through staggering situations, a lavish green rainforest and to lovely and delightful foundations. The rainforest visit is one of the most acclaimed among the remote people just as the national residents of the nation. The referenced organization is one of the most very much rumored the travel industry organizations in Queensland as well as over the island country. The notoriety of the organization has been earned through its entrenched system and its ability to offer the most ideal types of assistance to the sightseers. Their administrations start once a traveler books them on the web. The referenced organization of this report refreshes all the subtleties of the territories that are to be visited by them and builds a craving inside them to visit the site. The voyagers are joined by the specialists of the organization from the air terminal to the lodging and are furnished with all the leaflets and essential insights about the organization and the rainforest visit. Upon the arrival of the visit the sightseers are gotten from the lodging itse4lf and are taken for the visit. As referenced before the travelers are taken in an uncommon transport to the beautiful spots of Queensland lastly to the Fun Falls where the individuals are permitted to shower and have a great time. A portion of the other fascinating spots with regards to th is piece of Queensland incorporate the popular Babinda Boulders which is the acclaimed rainforest of this area, Josephine Falls which is one of the most lovely falls having the most elite swimming opening in Australia, A tea house where the visitors are served tea and snacks and other food and drinks, Milla Falls and last yet not the least in any manners is the wonderful Lake Eacham which is a volcanic hole lake about a profundity of 60 meters (Monczka et al. 2015). Gracefully chain/coordinations the board from the source to the client The travel industry is one of the significant wellsprings of outside trade workers and fills in as one of the major financial benefactors of any nation (Slack, 2015). The travel industry is supposed to be a multi layered industry where the items offered to the customers are devoured in a limited capacity to focus time. The accompanying business can likewise be supposed to be exceptionally value delicate and has a significant level of immaterialness. Like the other gracefully chains of the business the travel industry likewise works in business to business connections and the flexibly chain the board can be handily applied to convey supportability execution enhancements nearby an unmistakable budgetary exhibition by viably working out to get a positive change the business activities of every single provider (Ahi Searcy, 2013). Each business association has an item to offer for the client. This gives pretty much every organization a legitimate gracefully chain. The flexibly chain affects pretty much every different business work. Flexibly chain the executives is the administration of pretty much each and every component of the business that comprises of data, cash and time. The referenced the travel industry organization in Australia has a reasonable Supply Chain Logistics Management (Hill, Jones Schilling, 2014). The principle point of the flexibly anchor the executives is to expel any types of waste that may happen in the chain and improve the client support gave to the sightseers. The administration of Uncle Brians guarantees that no such squanders upset the smooth progression of the assets. The improved client assistance is finished by methods for interlinked forms that are intended for favored providers and to ensure that there is a greater turnover (Stadtler, 2015). Decrease of item life cycles, incre ment in the opposition, increment in the rivalries have been the significant powers that incited the referenced organization to move away from physical coordinations the executives to all the more mechanically propelled flexibly chain the executives. The travel industry gracefully chain of the referenced organization incorporates various segments like bars, eateries, squander removal, tea house, transport, fuel providers, water ensemble providers, water wellbeing instruments and numerous others all things considered (journals.elseiver.com). Uncle Brians takes the visitors to bars and eateries at the night to revive them and assist them with getting a charge out of the visit (Peppard Ward, 2016). As referenced before the organization has a committed tea house in the center territory of the rainforest which furnishes the visitors with an assortment of food amidst the indigenous habitat of the backwoods. The food is provided by a restaurant house which has a key tie up with Uncle Brians. A portion of the nourishments are made by the gourmet specialists that are utilized by the organization itself (Pagell Shevchenko, 2014). The removal of waste is a territory of worry as the extras of the food and different things can't be tossed in the woodland and contiguous zones. The organization has devoted waste containers which are freed each day by the neighborhood backwoods office from the organization. Next comes the fuel providers of the transport that the travel industry organization works to ship the voyagers over the backwoods and the waterfront regions of Queensland. The administration of the organization has a multi month tie up with Caltex that is the principle provider of raw petroleum and fuel for the transports of the organization. The organization orchestrates uncommon shower meetings for the sightseers who can have an invigorating shower. The swimming outfits and the wellbeing instruments are provided by a neighborhood organization which is claimed by Uncle Brians. Along these lines the propelled provider anchor causes the organization to direct fruitful experience visits in and around Queensland (Wheelen Hunger, 2017). Linkage between the organization Activities and Theories Coordinations and Supply Chain Management has various definitions. A few analysts considers Supply chain as an a lot more extensive idea as in light of the fact that it comprises of the ideas that envelops coordinations, while others comprehend coordinations as containing Supply Chain Management (Morschett, Schramm-Klein Zentes, 2015). There are bunches of hypotheses and exercises just as segments engaged with the conduction of smooth work by the referenced organization in this exploration. Therefore Supply Chain Management is the principle procedure of starting the procedure where the purchaser works with the providers to viably complete smooth business tasks. This incorporates an assortment of things like the item structuring, arranging, tasks, coordinations, conveyance and numerous other related things with the travel industry. The organization exercises are legitimately identified with the flexibly chain as on the grounds that the chain assists with recognizing and gracefully the ideal items to the providers of the organization (Touboulic Walker, 2015). To advance the flexibly chain the board the organization needs to ensure that they set up a vigorous and all around organized business case interest in supportability activities from both their sides just as from the side of the providers. An attention on the additional qualities through maintainability estimates isn embraced to conquer the exercises of minimal effort rivalry. Sourcing Strategy: Sourcing Strategy incorporates; Settling on or purchasing Decisions-The administrations gave by Uncle Brians are either given straightforwardly or are re-appropriated. The back office exercises of the referenced organization are redistributed to a portion of the main IT Companies that carry on their activities in Australia. The organization radically improved its income inside a limited capacity to focus 2 years by following this following structure (Christopher, 2016). The fundamental point of the association is to be one of the top the travel industry organizations of Australia and give the best administrations to the clients. Limit the board Each and every item offered by the travel industry organizations are dependent upon insecurity of interest. The organization faces issues in the lean season when there is not really any individuals to profit the vacationer administrations. The organization then again faces lack of HR just as other fundamental assets whiles the yearly Queensland celebration (Scott et al. 2014). The organization leases neighborhood guides and extra transports to meet the setbacks in the interest. Assembling Management-In the travel industry, producing part is restricted to divisions like food and make, keepsakes and other blessing things. The administration division is in this manner a significant thought for the accomplishment of the travel industry organization (Pagell Shevchenko, 2014). Conveyance Strategy Conveyance technique is one of the primary contemplations in Tourism business and the accompanying organization is no special case. The dissemination methodology assists with improving the authoritative execution of the business. The accompanying structure has four divisions to be specific; One Stage System-Such a framework gives direct deals from the essential providers to the purchasers. Uncle Brians has its own committed site where clients can book their seats just as lodging administrations. This encourages the clients to legitimately benefit the administrations without the intercession of any outsider (Jacobs Chase, 2013). Two Stage System-The trip specialist is associated with such a phase as the voyagers takes the assistance of trip specialists to book their visit administrations with Uncle Brians. Three Stage System-

3 Professional Tools To Design And Edit PDF eBooks

3 Professional Tools To Design And Edit PDF eBooks Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!3 Professional Tools To Design And Edit PDF eBooksUpdated On 20/02/2016Author : shariqTopic : Desktop AppsShort URL : http://hbb.me/1iGkJyR CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogeBook publishing is a great way to earn money online and if you are a good writer or you want to print your experienced work, you can make a good amount of money by designing and publishing an eBook. Here I have collected 3 best tools to create eBooks in PDF format based on my own experience. These tools are easy to use and very helpful for eBook designers as well as a non eBook designer who want to create his eBook himself. You can also try these online tools for doing stuffs with PDF.#1 Serif PagePlus X5It is my favorite software to design PDF eBooks due to incredible design options. Designing and editing an eBook using PagePlus is easiest for me and it allows users to build a high quality and pr ofessional looking eBooks. Personally I love PagePlus as I am designing my own personal eBook using it.Main advantage: Incredible designing options,inbuilt Logo creator and graphic designing tools,convert web page to PDF and more.Product Homepage#2 Foxit PDF EditorFoxit PDF editor is the lightest and easy application to design and edit an eBook. With Foxit PDF editor we can create PDF page layouts,insert images,resize and position images and can also design graphics. Summarily we can design a professional eBook without any special skill.READBanckle: Online Business Collaboration Social AppsMain advantage : Light,easy to use and professional PDF designingProduct Homepage#3 Adobe Acrobat SuiteIt is the most popular tool and widely used to create PDF and for many other works. After all, this Adobe application does not need any reference as it is a complete desktop publishing software. Personally I have observed that it works awesome but it is a little bit more expensive than others. Product HomepageNote: These three tools are efficacious in the purpose of   creation of professional or amateur PDF eBooks and flawlessly used to create professional PDF eBooks.No one is a perfect geek so dont forget to share any other PDF designer and editor tool which would be capable to create a professional PDF document.

Muslim Women in Canada - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1564 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/09/25 Category Advertising Essay Type Narrative essay Tags: Canada Essay Women Essay Did you like this example? Word count: 1,489 Throughout history, women have been victims of oppression no matter what religion or background they come from. They have learned from a young age, that their appearance is important to fundamentally be happy in their life. The topic of oppression in woman leads to controversial discussion not only to scholars but women of all parts of the world. How a woman presents herself through appearance and clothing targets her in a society obsessed with each other’s business. In today’s society, whether we can help it or not, men are treated differently than women. There seems to be different â€Å"rules† associated with the acceptable ways they should dress as opposed to the strict rules that apply to women. Women who are westernized are exposed to different forms of oppression than those from the east. Not that westernized women don’t face hardship, but they face it in a different light. Islamic women are the focus here, women who fol low their religion by wearing the Hijab and women who feel it’s not necessary to cover one self to be a good Muslim. There is no one image of an Arabic woman but whether or not there is a scarf on her head, Islamic woman feel the same pressure as women of every culture. Unfortunately in many places, these women don’t have a say or have a chance to rebel against these pressures and laws as they could be punished. These pressures come from their religion and their society; from their peers and their culture. Growing up in a Muslim home, I understand what Islamic women go through their whole lives to be accepted not only in their religious community but in modern society as well. As Tabassum Ruby mentions in her article, Listening to the Voices of Hijab, the meaning of the Hijab can be interpreted in a different way depending on whose perspective it comes from. A woman who wears the Hijab may see it as a â€Å"religious obligation† while a Muslim woman who do esn’t wear it may see it as a â€Å"cultural symbol† (Ruby 43). The women that were interviewed by Ruby all live in Canada, and have been exposed to the westernized way of living, which differ greatly from the Muslim countries they were born in. â€Å"The Hijab limits me from doing certain things. When I have the Hijab on†¦as a Muslim woman, I consider myself basically representing the whole community† (Ruby 29). Aspects like this set this woman apart from her peers because she is now labeled as just one thing, a Muslim, when in fact she is much more than that. Women who wear the Hijab, Muhajibah, living in the western world, I believe, have it harder than they do living back home. Here, they are subject to a lot more attention when not necessary such as weird looks walking down the street and subject to stereotypes ie. being a terrorist. Islamic women are not the only ones being oppressed by their choice of clothing; in fact every woman around the world is target towards oppression. Islamic women are just targeted more than women of other religions. This is because of the strict faith that they endure from the Qu’ran telling them that they need to dress a certain way. However, it has been debated that the Qu’ran actually doesn’t mention anything about a women needing to wear a Hijab to be a good Muslim. (Kawaji) Growing up a Muslim in Canada is tough position to be in; you try to find a balance between staying true to your religion and dealing with society’s’ everyday pressures to fit in. Almas Sayeed, is one of many Muslim’s in that position. In her article, Chappals and Gym Shorts, she struggles to please her religious dad with his marriage plans for her, while trying to find out her true sexuality and fit in with her mutual feminist peers. She summarizes herself in these words: â€Å"I am a Muslim, first generation Indian, feminist woman studying in a largely homogenized white, C hristian community in Midwestern America† (Sayeed 211). Almas is the perfect example of a westernized Muslim: she doesn’t wear the Hijab yet she stands by her religious beliefs and does not show her legs or arms and respects her dad. Other Muslim woman might think that Almas is not a true Muslim because she in fact does not cover her hair or her body. In fact, Farza’nah, one of the participants in Ruby’s focus group has said that â€Å"a woman’s beauty needs to be concealed, because beauty brings a lot of other things†¦freedom , the kind that we see here†(Ruby 37) I personally don’t understand this statement, as I was always taught that I should embrace my beauty and become an individual. However, in some places like Montreal this individuality is questioned. Two Muslim girls were suspended from school for wearing the Hijab. Kawaja). In nations like Saudi Arabia, women are forced to cover their bodies from head to toe and this includes wearing the veil, by law and tradition. If caught otherwise they will be punished for their actions. But what about personal freedom? A freedom to express one’s own independence? Now in France this freedom is also lost, but from the completely opposite view point. They have an anti-Hijab law that forbids girls to wear the Hijab in public school. (Kawaja) Neither Saudi Arabia nor France are right in what they’re doing as a nation to their people. In the western society, women are no longer victims of oppression; at least if they choose not to be. Unlike in the east, westernized women have a free will to lead the life they want through their education, to choose a same-sex partner and to surpass in whatever career they choose. However, it may sometimes seem, although not to an extreme extent, that westernized women are victims of oppression through their appearance. Society has a laid out plan for how they need to look and what they should do to get it. They have â€Å"role models† in everyday ads, catwalks and the favourite, music videos. It is very rare these days to watch a single music video without a half naked girl dancing for a male singer, trying to grab his attention with her body. As we watched in class, Desire, sex power in music video, displays the mere fact that females use their sexuality as a product to sell music videos for a male audience. The reason I say these females are oppressed is because they are sucked into thinking that they can sell their bodies to get whatever they desire. They see ads every single day about losing weight through a pill or getting surgery for bigger breasts or tighter buttocks. Or even changing the colour of your eyes through the magic of a contact lense. (Bordo 340). This form of oppression is different than that of the Islamic woman as these women do have a choice in what they’re doing. However these choices become difficult because society has made them to be so, socie ty has told every woman that she needs to look, dress and act the same as everyone else. Back in 2002 in the city of Mecca, fifteen teenage girls died in a fire at their school because the Saudi religious police, muttawa, wouldn’t let them out. These girls attended a female only school and didn’t require putting on their garments while in class. Unfortunately, they didn’t put them back on when the fire hit and the muttawa preferred they die than break the Islamic law. (Chesler, 18). Situations like this really make me wonder the extent to which some nations will go to in order to put women under these oppressions. These teenage girls had no choice but to flee from the scene, while the muttawa thought otherwise. Women all around the world face different challenges every day, but challenges nonetheless. I can say to you that I am a westernized Muslim, I grew up in Canada, I don’t wear the Hijab (nor does my mom) but I still respect my values and where I came from. However, I know for a fact or close to, that if I grew up in my home country of Jordon, my religious values would be deeper and I might be wearing the Hijab today. Oppression is a problem faced all around the world to women of all colours, shapes and sizes. Until this day, the Islamic culture seems to have it the hardest with these struggles. References Bordo, Susan. Material Girl: The effacements of postmodern culture. The gender/sexuality reader: culture, history, political economy. 1997. Pp. 335-358. Chesler, Phyllis and Spencer, Robert. The violent oppression of women in Islam. David and Horowitz freedom center. Las Angeles. 2007 Jhally, Sut. Dreamworlds 3: Desire, sex and power in music video. Media education Foundation. Canada. 2007. Kawaja, Jennifer. Under one sky: Arab women in North America talk about the Hijab. National film board of Canada. Canada. 2007. Ruby, Tabassum. Listening to the voices of Hijab. The gendered society reader. Oxford university press . 2008. Pp 34-43. Sayeed, Almas. Chappals and gym shorts: an Indian Muslim woman in the land of oz. Colonize this! Young women of colour on today’s feminism. 2002. Pp. 203-214. Oppression of women Reena A. 209794454 TA: Leyna March 4th, 2010. Don’t waste time! 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Descriptive Essay - Original Writing - 892 Words

I took lengthy whiles to adore your physiognomies before the moment where I could register how you spoke. I got hit at random upon one Tuesday noon filled with rain by how you stressed your syllables, and wound your ways in my heart when you spoke on literatures. It wasn’t how you spoke and what you touched upon. Rather, it was your vocal cadence sounds. If I could have, I might have made you speak for hours. Despite whether you spoke the equal terminology non-stop, I might not have minded; I knew it might enthrall. The greatest times were the moments where I did not know how you surrounded me, or how you were quiet throughout lengthy periods while I dozed. It was then I was able to discern you not far away and then smile with your vocal cadence intimacies in my ears. Do not ask me what it was like to hear you say my namesake; it could get sensed but never spoken. You entwined yourself in my cranium to where I was no longer someone who thought with their personal voice; at mom ents where I read, your vocal cadence handled narration duties. You captured my secondary senses in thorough fashion. A jubilant Wednesday saw you teach me how powerful associations were. I was in one mellow latte store along with my maternal figure, and enjoyed lunchtime, but contemplated the means by which I might have survived until the next seven-day period where I might have had another opportunity to see you; my maternal figure afterwards brought our lattes. I picked up the cups; when the smellsShow MoreRelatedDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1110 Words   |  5 PagesI don’t know how I got to where I am, but I’m here now, and I have to win if I want to live. I am in a game, and in order to live, I have to escape. That’s the thing, though: I don’t know how to escape. I was running for my life around this old house that looked like it came straight out of a horror movie. I doubled over and held my head in pain as I saw the static, which meant it was coming. I was being chased by what looked like a person but in no way acted like one. Just as it was about to appearRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1102 Words   |  5 PagesIt is on days like this when we stop to think about our life. Small drops of rain begin to dapple the cobblestone pavement as people whip out their umbrellas for cover. I continue sauntering down the busy street, relishing the feeling of a light shower. Moving with the mass of pedestrians, I stop at a crosswalk where I wait for the stoplight to turn green. A flower shop employee across the street scurries to bring in the numerous bouquets and close the doors as rain starts rolling down the displayRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing914 Words   |  4 PagesDreamy I thought. 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If you remember today, I told you about going somewhere I wanted to go to†¦ I’m not sure if you believed and accepted what I now confess as untrue; it is partly. I needed to pull away emo tionally†¦ from you. You must have had fathomed that some degree of formality had seeped between us. Born of habit, formulaic greetings had become a routine. You presume that I’m a close friendRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1387 Words   |  6 PagesI was wearing a beautiful blue dress with sapphire gems all around the chest area as I entered the ball with Ciel and Sebastian. I took a good look around here, the hallway was lined with gold. There was a servant ready to escort us to the ball room. Hello, come this way. He said, walking forward. Wow, this place is so fancy! I exclaimed, looking around. It s fake gold. Ciel bluntly replied, bringing my hopes down. I sighed. Ciel sounded like he wasn t in a very good mood. Ciel, lightenRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1287 Words   |  6 Pages In the morning, Caireann woke me up. She stood above my bed, shaking my shoulder. I opened my eyes, looking at her. Then I looked across the room to her empty bed. Andy s empty bed sat in the corner. I swallowed, climbing out of bed. Sleep well? Caireann asked me, starting out the door. Yeah, I said, going over to our small dresser. I had the bottom two drawers. Andy had the middle two, and Caireann had the top. I pulled open the drawers, pulling on a colorful tank top and a grayRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1345 Words   |  6 PagesLater that night, I was behind the wheel of my G-Wagon with Melissa in the passenger seat. She didn’t feel like driving since she was on the road all day and I understood so I didn’t mind when she asked me to. I had been tight-lipped. She kept eyeballing me as if she detected that something was bothering me but I just kept singing to my India Arie as if I was carefree. â€Å"So are you going to tell me what’s going on or no† Melissa said disrupting my own personal concert. I stopped singing and tookRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1085 Words   |  5 PagesI WAS SITTING IN a taxi, wondering if I had overdressed for the evening, when I looked out the window and saw Mom rooting through a Dumpster. It was just after dark. A blustery March wind whipped the steam coming out of the manholes, and people hurried along the sidewalks with their collars turned up. I was stuck in traffic two blocks from the party where I was heading. Mom stood fifteen feet away. She had tied rags around her shoulders to keep out the spring chill and was picking through the trash

Customer Based Corporate Valuation Integrating The...

Customer-based corporate valuation: Integrating the concepts of customer equity and shareholder value The purpose of this model is to calculate Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) and Customer Equity (CE) and then integrate it with the traditional valuation method and come up with a holistic corporate valuation method. The shift toward value-based management has led to an increasing demand for corporate valuation methods. It is very difficult to value companies which have very low proportion of tangible assets. These are generally internet based firms and start-ups. These companies have negative earning during their initial period. Generally, valuation is done by using cash flows and other financial factors. The value of intangible assets is†¦show more content†¦Components of CLV Valuation of CLV-approach has three main components: revenue, costs and retention rate. In general, to calculate CLV projected net cash flows that a firm expects to receive from the customers (or more practically from a particular segment of customers) are adjusted to probability of occurrence and then are discounted. In reality, however, estimating these three components can be a difficult task. Retention rate. The retention rate is the probability that an individual customer will remain loyal to the vendor for the next period, provided that the customer has bought from that vendor on each previous purchase before that. It can be inferred by using determinants of loyalty, like customer satisfaction, switching barrier, variety-seeking behaviour and attractiveness of alternatives. It is assumed that a customer who stops dealing with the vendor is totally lost. Revenue. The second constituent â€Å"revenue† can be classified into four sub-categories: autonomous revenue, up selling revenue, cross-selling revenue, and contribution margins resulting from referral activities of existing customers (reference value (RV)). The first three sources of revenue come from direct transactions with the customer. As these activities lead to monetary sales success they are denoted as direct-monetary transactional values. The â€Å"autonomous† revenue is not directly influenced by the company or is only affected by standard marketing measures

Vacation Policy for Compensation Package - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theVacation Policyfor Compensation Package. Answer: Four Items related to vacation leave pay to be addressed in the policy to ensure compliance with employee standard Vacation policies need to be identified as a part of the total compensation package offered to an individual employee working for an organization. The four major vacation leave pay policy that an organization in Canada needs to follow are: Vacation pay based on base pay: Canadians are entitled to get a minimum two weeks of vacation and the employees are entitled to a pay of 4% of their regular wages earned in last year including bonuses, overtime[1]. Vacation pay for temps: Employees working on assignments through an agency are entitled to 4% pay of the period of employment. Vacation accrual on leave: Employees on maternity, parental or other leaves also continue to accumulate vacation time for two weeks per year available only when they worked for the full year. Scheduling a vacation: In order to meet the organizational demand, the vacations of the employees are scheduled as well and the employees are given vacation on the basis of their needs[2]. Recommendations: It is recommended that the employees could be given vacation based on scheduling. The vacations need to be scheduled in order to reduce the problems that might occur in absence of the employees. The employees could be given accrual leave as lesser percentage of employees are found to avail this particular leave. Scheduling the leaves is the most important way of curbing extra leaves and at the same time the organization would have the minimum presence rate of employees required. References: Canadabusiness.ca (2017) Government of Canada, Canada Business Network Available at: https://canadabusiness.ca/government/regulations/regulated-business-activities/human-resources-regulations/employment-standards/ [Accessed on: 8-5-2017] Community.gov.yk.ca (2017) Employment StandardAvailable at: https://www.community.gov.yk.ca/pdf/es_faq.pdf [Accessed on: 8-5-2017]

The Colt Six

The Colt Six-shooter Essay The colt six shooter will always be a legend to Texas. Whether you know it as an accurate, cowboy, Texas Ranger, gun-slinging, out West, corral gun, or as a little protection, the colt will never be forgotten in Texas. Sam Colt is known as the inventor of the first revolving firearm. Sams mother died when he was six and his father owned a silk mill in Ware, Massachusetts. When Sam Colt was seven, he was fascinated by guns. He took apart his fathers gun in a field and was able to successfully rebuild it. Science, adventures of an active life, and mechanics were all the favorite passions of young Samuel Colt. During 1830 1831, Sam Colt was abroad at sea. It was during these years that Samuel first conceived the idea of a revolving firearm. Some think it may have come from watching the revolving wheel of the ship, turning and locking. While on board ship, Sam must have seen other revolving firearms in London or India. Sam carved a wooden model of his ideal gun while he was at sea. None of what Sam may have previously seen on revolving guns could have led to his invention. His ideas were not copied from any source, even though the revolving idea was not unique. We will write a custom essay on The Colt Six-shooter specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now When Sam arrived home from sea, he showed the wooden model to his father and a family friend. This friend was Henry Ellsworth, Commissioner of the United States Patent Office. Both Sams father and Mr. Ellsworth were greatly impressed by the model. They encouraged Sam to file for a patent for his revolving firearm. On February of the 25, in the year 1835, the first United States patent was granted for a colt revolver. The patent that Samuel received covered eight basic features. First, the application of caps at the end of the gun cylinder. Second, the application of a partition between the caps, as well as other basic ideas. The other areas of the patent cover the application of certain parts of the gun, the principle of locking and turning the cylinder , and all of the basic revolver parts. In 1848, the new pocket model revolver was introduced. Colt devised an alternative means of loading the gun removing the barrel and cylinder, and either switching an empty cylinder for a loaded one or using the axis pin as a ramrod. This gun was nicknamed the Baby Dragoon because it resembled the bigger Dragoon. The pocket-sized pistols had a larger span of appeal to the public. Even Sam Houston of Texas ordered a Baby Dragoon from his friend Sam Colt. Houston told Colt, (If) you have a small pistol, or will soon have one made of choice quality, I wish you to bring it with you as I wish to purchase one. I did not know (of them) until a few days since- I then saw one for the first time and was greatly pleased with it. The type seen be Houston was an actual Baby Dragoon with a square-back trigger guard and a Texas Ranger scene on the cylinder. This particular scene was of a Texas Ranger and an Indian in a fight scene. The colt revolver served a great purpose for the Texas Rangers. Thi s pocket-sized gun could be casually carried around and easily reloaded. The beauty of the gun was its six consecutive shots and its precise accuracy. The Texas Rangers and other Texas gunslingers know Colt as the cream of the crop in gun making, supreme revolving techniques and great precision make Colt the number one gun for Texans. Bibliography:1. The Handbook of Texas, p 382The Texas Historical Association2. Colt : An American Legend, all pagesWilson Publishings ; Robert Lawrence Wilson3. How It Works, p 3240H.S. Stuttman Inc.

everything Essay Example

everything Essay Example everything Essay everything Essay Burn the other, they must plant found Regions other interval, the machine should do. Son! remember this word The father, the mother, the teacher must not forget Here near you near him There should iron grinding on metal -Eat remember who planted trees Name expectation remember him when old. .Com shirt parent letters teachers To work that day completed on -O continent humbled not bear words the teacher -From the monk, the sell themselves monk. -Thin a plaited father, thin three plaited teacher 1. HQC th? ¤y kh? ¶ng t? ¤y hoc ben: We learn not at school but in life. 2. Kh? ¶ng th? ¤y d? ¶ may l? ¤m n? ©n: Nothing can succeed without the help of the teacher. 3. ?†¦n qu nhd k? © tr? ¶ng cay: When eating bamboo sprouts ,remember the man who planted them 4. U?–ng nurdc nhd ngu? ¶n: When drinking water, remember its source 10. C? ¶ chi thi nen. Where there is a will, there is a way. 11. M? ©o m? ¶ c? ¶ hon kh? ¶ng. Half a loaf is better than no bread. 12. B? ¤ nh? ¤n b? ¤ tinh. So many heads, so many minds. 13. Bt c? ¤ hai tay. To run with the hare and hold with the hound. 14. Th con s? ¤n st, bt con c? ¤ r? ¶. To throw out a sprat to catch a mackere. 15. CLrdi ngcrdi h? ¶m trurdc, h? ¶m sau ngurdi curd. He laughs best who laughs last. 16. Udc ao l? ¤m sao, ca chi? ©m bao l? ¤ v? ¶y. The wish is father to the thought. 17. Cha n? ¤o con n? ¤y. Like father, like son. 18. NLrdc duc th c? ¤u. They fish in troubled waters. 19. Hoa v? ¶don chi. It never rains but it pours. 20. Giot m? ¤u d? ¤o hon ao nurdc l? ¤. Blood is thicker than water. 21 . Ch? ©t vinh c? ¶n hon s? ¶ng nhvc Better a glorious death than a shameful life 22. L? ¤y thng p voi To put a quart into a pint pot 23. Treo cao ng? ¤ dau Pride will have a fall 24. Thtra s? ¶ng thi? ©u ch? ©t More death than alive 25. NLrdc dd d? ¤u vit (Like) Water off a ducks back 26. Dd th? ©m d? ¤u v? ¤o Idra Pour oil on the flames 27. N? ¶i c? ¶ sach mach c? ¶ ch(rng To speak by the book 28. Tai anh tai , tai c d? ¶i b? ©n It takes two to do something 29. Thao thao b? ¤t tuyet A flood of words 30. Xa met c? ¤ch l? ¶ng Out of sight, out of mind 31 . As easy as ABC D? © nhLrtrd b? ¤n 32. As hot as fire N? ¶ng nhLr Idra 33. As hot as pepper Cay nhLr dt 34. As black as coal Den nhLr murc 35. As white as snow Trng nhLr tuy? ©t 36. As cold as ice Lanh nhLrti? ©n 37. As dark as midningt T? ¶i nhLr d? ©m ba muroi 38. As heavy as lead led/ N? ¶ng nhLrd? ¤ deo 39. As quick as lighting Nhanh nhLr ch? ¶p 40. As bright as day S? ¤ng nhLr gurong 41. As sour as vinegar Chua nhLr gi? ¤m 42. As hard as rock C(rng nhLr d? ¤ 43. As slow as a turtle Ch? ¤m nhLr ra 44. As merry as a cricket nhLrt? ©t vut 45. As stupid as a bull Ngu nhLr b? ¶ 46. As fat as pig Map nhLr heo 47. As rich as a Jew Gi? ¤u nhLr Thech Sng 48. As naughty as a bear H? ¶n nhLr g? ¤u 49. As lazy as a lizand LLrdi nhLr hiji 50. As soundly as a log (Ng) say nhLr ch? ©t 56. Study, study more, study forever. Hoc, hoc nCra, hoc m? ¤i. 57. A wool seller knows a wool buyer. Suy bvngta ra bung ngurdi. 58. ?†¦n nhLr m kho? ©t. Eat like a horse. 59. Sell like hot cakes. Dt nhLrt? ¶m turoi. 60. You cannot eat your cake and have it. Duroc c? ¤i no m? ¤t c? ¤i kia. 61. To pick and choose. K? ©n c? ¤ chon canh.

Rise of modern state in europe, under international relations and Essay

Rise of modern state in europe, under international relations and politics - Essay Example The most undesirable conditions of military defeats, civil wars and revolution which were prevailing during the origin of the third republic had intense impact on every facet of the life of French men. There have been a lot of scandals during the third republican rule and the State’s relationship with the church was disturbing. In spite of all these issue the third republic succeeded in unifying the feelings of French men towards the state by breaking the regional, linguistic and racial barriers. Origin of the Third Republic of France The living conditions of the French men were disgusting and the rich were becoming richer and the poor were becoming poorer. They were facing food shortage and the terrible after effects of military defeat especially the disastrous defeat at Sedan in 1870 were tormenting the people. All these factors turned the preference of the working class and the upper middle class towards the formation of democratic republic. They demanded a self governing F rance and a government with fairer managing techniques (The Third Republic of France 2004). The republican government of France during the period starting from 1870 until the attack of Germany on France in 1940 is termed as the Third Republic which emerged immediately after the fall of Napoleon III (Bloy 2011). There were sixty governments in France during the seventy years period renowned as the Third republic and Paris Commune was one among them occupying the period from March 18 to May 28, 1871. Certain historians prefer to divide the period in to three sections as the monarchist republic (1870-1879), the opportunist republic (1879-1899) and the radical republic (after 1899). As an outcome of the defeat of Napoleon III at Sedan against Prussia, there was a situation of political confusion. This was a crucial stage and the French emotion was towards monarchy and they were expecting ‘The Comte de Chambord’ or ‘The Comte de Paris’, the former from the Bourb on family and the latter, the grandson of Louis Philippe to rule them. But the monarchists failed to agree on an appropriate candidate, which paved the way for the victory of republicans in several elections. The republican leaders gained public support and constituted a provisional government called as the ‘Government of National Defence’ consisting of 11 members and the government was led by Adolphe Theirs who became the president in 1871. Theirs made a lot of enemies around him by his famous statement â€Å"there is only one throne of France and two men can not sit on it† which resulted in the removal of the moderate republican president and Marshal McMahon representing the monarchist became the president (Anderson 1984, p. 5). The constitutional laws implemented in1875 gave definitions to the Executive power and the Legislative power. They were the laws on Senate, laws on the authorities, and laws on the election of Senators and representatives. The president was elected by the Congress and his tenure was seven years. The Executive power was supposed to be exercised by the president while the Legislative powers were on the Senate and the Chamber. The amendment in 1879 made the constitution more republican in nature. Official establishment and the first ever celebration of the national day in the history of France happened on 14th July 1880 during the period of the third republic (France History - French Third Republic 2011). Social

Ice-Fili .. Case Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ice-Fili .. Case Analysis - Essay Example In fact, many players are entering the market since it is very attractive. The economy of Russia has grown strong and cities such as Moscow is a very attractive position to start a business. It can be said that the Russian ice-cream market would evolve rapidly as many new players have gained entry to the market. Although the GOST was supposed to have created as a barrier for new players, existing foreign giants such as Nestle can dominate the market. Regional producers also pose as a threat to existing players since they can easily be flexible. In short, this means that the ice-cream industry is robust and dynamic. Despite the foreign players and regional producers coming into play , Ice-Fili has sustainable competitive advantage. For one, the company has the most number of brands. This gives the company advantage since it can penetrate many markets and create market segmentation of its consumers. Also, it has the largest production capacity which can easily cope up with production needs. These are internal strengths that the company can effectively use to capture the market .Although Nestle appears as a threat, its only edge of Nestle against Ice-Fili is its distribution channels which has strategically created a nice in the premium ice-cream market. There are also other factors such as pricing and cost which a company should consider when evaluating its competitiveness in the industry. Currently, Ice-Fili has placed its price as average, but as an Ice-Fili executive said, the slight 10% increase would not affect consumer behavior. This reveals a wealth of insight that the company can raise the price of some premium products. However, this move must be supported with a campaign to project to the Russians the uniqueness of these premium products. Ice-Fili has young managers who can creatively make a marketing program aimed at different segments. As for the cost-position, Ice-Fili must stick to its recipe since this is exactly what foreigners wanted

Truman Show Essay Example for Free

Truman Show Essay Society watches and is attracted to these shows because they are supposed to relate to ordinary people’s lives. Even though it appears that their real lives are playing out on television, it is not as real as it seems when compared to people’s â€Å"real† lives. These â€Å"actors† have nothing to fear. They have security guards surrounding them when filming the show. They do not have to pay for anything because the company pays for their needs and wants. The director cuts and edits the clips to show the adience how he wants the actors’ lives and show to appear. The only difference between the reality shows of today and the Truman show is that Truman was not aware that he was part of a show. In today’s reality shows, the actors are very aware of their surroundings and display behavior that will make the shows more amusing to their audience. Truman’s world was in a way almost a â€Å"utopia† with no worries and no fear. It was, however, repetitive. Every day was the same. There were no difficult choices to make; much like reality television is portrayed today. The decisions they make and the outcomes do not truly reflect what would happen if an ordinary person does the same. The actors in today’s reality television have welcomed the public eye to see everything they are doing, but this isn’t true for everyone in society. While the rest of the society hasn’t invited anyone to track their actions, government and other organizations are already doing this in many ways. These groups have the ability to put up surveillance cameras to track when people are in different locations. They can track internet, credit card and cell phone usage. When traveling by a cell tower, for example, the tower stores the location information in a database. It is ready to be revealed to any government official when solicited (ACLU). Purchases can be tracked, along with, vacations, hotel stays, etc. According to an article written by Daniel J. Solove, for The Chronicle of Higher Education, the most common response to privacy advocates is â€Å"Only if you’re doing something wrong should you worry, and then you don’t deserve to keep it private. † (cite ). The problem with the government collecting private information goes beyond someone doing right or wrong. Some of the problems resulting from collecting and using personal data include the fact that people do not know that this data is being collected about them. They cannot fix an issue if they do not know this technology exists. Another problem with government gathering and using personal data is the distortion of the data. It often fails to reflect the whole person and can paint an untrue picture (Chronicle). Privacy is not typically lost with one major action, but it occurs over time with many pieces of information being collected and used to make assumptions about a person. The question is can it be stopped? The best way to slow down the invasion of privacy is to be careful of the information a person is freely giving out, especially on the internet. Information provided in emails, Facebook, on-line shopping sites, use of credit-cards, or completing surveys for a â€Å"free-gift† all contribute to an ongoing database of personal information. Consumers can continue to express their opinions with government representatives on how this personal information is collected and used. Those who want an increase in privacy should encourage the policy makers to look at the spending programs, regulatory agencies, privacy-invading regulations and investigative agencies for influence (Privacilla). The Truman show portrays the government or â€Å"creator† as having all personal information of Truman and is able to influence and control his entire life. This is not a future that society wishes to imitate. Bibliography ACLU. American Civil Liberties Union. American Civil Liberties Union. ACLU, n. d. Web. 12 May 2013. Privacilla. Welcome to Privacilla. org. Welcome to Privacilla. org. Privacilla, 3 June 2012. Web. 12 May 2013. Solove, Daniel J. Why Privacy Matters. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Chronicle Review, 15 May 2011. Web. 12 May 2013.

Sammy in A&P by John Updike Essay -- A&P John Updike Working Careers

Sammy in A&P by John Updike Is where you are in your working career where you want to be for the rest of your life? The answer to that question is simple for Sammy in the story â€Å"A&P† by John Updike. Sammy, like many others in this world, is a young man trying to make some money in a small town. But unlike some, he refuses to be stuck in the same job for many years or possibly the rest of his life. One day while working the register at a local grocery store, Sammy notices three girls walk in. The girls are wearing their bathing suits because the beach is close to the store. When the girls reach the register the manager notices the girls attire. He walks over to them and argues with them for a moment and then girls leave. Sammy didn’t understand why the manager had such a problem with what the girls were wearing. Suddenly Sammy decides to quit. He takes off his apron and walks out the door. One of the things that caught my attention the most was Updike’s use of imagery in describing Sammy’s working environment. â€Å"The sheep pushing their carts down the aisle-†(34), I thou...

The Bean Trees

In the book The Bean Trees by Barbara Kingsolver, there is a young girl named Taylor who did not want to be like the typical girls from Kentucky. She wanted to go and get out of the small town. She got in her old beat up car and traveled throughout the United States, until she landed in Arizona. When she was there she not only had to deal with herself, but she now had a little girl who she named Turtle. This was not her daughter; instead someone she barely knew handed her off to Taylor. Turtle was not your average toddler, she was what some people call retarded or slow, but Taylor did not even notice that, all she saw was a little girl in need of help. Even though Taylor could not give Turtle a life of riches, she knew she could at least do better than before. Throughout the rest of the book Taylor experiences many events that portray evil. â€Å"Turtle's main goal in life, other than hanging on to things, seemed to be to pass unnoticed† (81). Turtle was a mentally slow child. When she was given to Taylor the woman said that her mother had died and that the little girl had no home. Taylor was just being a good person and taking Turtle, so that she could live in a better place. Once she had Turtle she took her back to the hotel and gave her a bath. When she did she realized that the black and blue marks on her body was not just dirt, but bruises. Taylor had grown up in a loving house with a loving mother who taught her the necessities of life. Seeing Turtle and beat up and scared broke Taylor’s heart. There was a cactus with bushy arms and a coat of yellow spines as thick as fur. A bird had built her nest in it. In and out she flew among the horrible spiny branches, never once hesitating. You just couldn't imagine how she'd made a home in there† (130). Which makes Turtle’s new life, not glamorous, but a lot better than it could have been. Turtle was not the only person in Taylor’s life. There were two immigrants that were friends of hers they were Esperanza and Esteven. She knew that they were in the country illegally, but Taylor did not care. They were nice people who had been tortured in their life as well. The government had been trying to get them and everyone seemed to be very rude to them. â€Å"You can go and visit heaven. What? You see a room just like the first one, the same table, the same pot of stew, the same spoons as long as a sponge mop. But these people are all happy and fat† (113). Esteven meant that there is people will help you in heaven, but no one will help you in hell. He was influencing that he was in hell because someone had kidnapped his very own kid, and the government is out to get rid of them. This shows how their whole life they have been trying to run away from evil. Turtle was a very unlucky and lucky girl. She was unlucky in the sense that she had been abused and almost lost and kidnapped. She was in the park one day playing with Lou Ann’s child, when this scary man came up and was going to take her. Her babysitter put up her cane and scared the man away. Turtle did not just forget about it though. She went on not talking to anyone about anything, even Taylor. Taylor had always been very strong when hard or scary situations came upon them. In this case she was not, she was going crazy worried that Turtle would never talk again. She also started feeling sorry for herself, like she wasn’t good enough to be a mother to Turtle. She soon came to realize that she was the best life that Turtle could have right now. Eventually Turtle talked again but it she felt most comfortable with Taylor. Throughout this book there were many bad experiences that happened to Taylor. She found a sad little girl that was abandoned and bruised, friends that were in trouble with the government, and a new daughter that was almost kidnapped. Even throughout all of those hard times Taylor managed to not â€Å"freak out† she always looked at life in the positive eye. Taylor is a strong woman, and even though people have their weaknesses she was a great mother to Turtle. Out of all the evil in her life she made it look so simple to deal with. â€Å"†¦I was not the smartest or even particularly outstanding but I was there and staying out of trouble and I intended to finish† (3). Taylor was not the perfect mother or a perfect person, but she had a great heart and a great passion to do the right thing, and that she was amazing at. The Bean Trees In the book The Bean Trees by Barbara Kingsolver, there is a young girl named Taylor who did not want to be like the typical girls from Kentucky. She wanted to go and get out of the small town. She got in her old beat up car and traveled throughout the United States, until she landed in Arizona. When she was there she not only had to deal with herself, but she now had a little girl who she named Turtle. This was not her daughter; instead someone she barely knew handed her off to Taylor. Turtle was not your average toddler, she was what some people call retarded or slow, but Taylor did not even notice that, all she saw was a little girl in need of help. Even though Taylor could not give Turtle a life of riches, she knew she could at least do better than before. Throughout the rest of the book Taylor experiences many events that portray evil. â€Å"Turtle's main goal in life, other than hanging on to things, seemed to be to pass unnoticed† (81). Turtle was a mentally slow child. When she was given to Taylor the woman said that her mother had died and that the little girl had no home. Taylor was just being a good person and taking Turtle, so that she could live in a better place. Once she had Turtle she took her back to the hotel and gave her a bath. When she did she realized that the black and blue marks on her body was not just dirt, but bruises. Taylor had grown up in a loving house with a loving mother who taught her the necessities of life. Seeing Turtle and beat up and scared broke Taylor’s heart. There was a cactus with bushy arms and a coat of yellow spines as thick as fur. A bird had built her nest in it. In and out she flew among the horrible spiny branches, never once hesitating. You just couldn't imagine how she'd made a home in there† (130). Which makes Turtle’s new life, not glamorous, but a lot better than it could have been. Turtle was not the only person in Taylor’s life. There were two immigrants that were friends of hers they were Esperanza and Esteven. She knew that they were in the country illegally, but Taylor did not care. They were nice people who had been tortured in their life as well. The government had been trying to get them and everyone seemed to be very rude to them. â€Å"You can go and visit heaven. What? You see a room just like the first one, the same table, the same pot of stew, the same spoons as long as a sponge mop. But these people are all happy and fat† (113). Esteven meant that there is people will help you in heaven, but no one will help you in hell. He was influencing that he was in hell because someone had kidnapped his very own kid, and the government is out to get rid of them. This shows how their whole life they have been trying to run away from evil. Turtle was a very unlucky and lucky girl. She was unlucky in the sense that she had been abused and almost lost and kidnapped. She was in the park one day playing with Lou Ann’s child, when this scary man came up and was going to take her. Her babysitter put up her cane and scared the man away. Turtle did not just forget about it though. She went on not talking to anyone about anything, even Taylor. Taylor had always been very strong when hard or scary situations came upon them. In this case she was not, she was going crazy worried that Turtle would never talk again. She also started feeling sorry for herself, like she wasn’t good enough to be a mother to Turtle. She soon came to realize that she was the best life that Turtle could have right now. Eventually Turtle talked again but it she felt most comfortable with Taylor. Throughout this book there were many bad experiences that happened to Taylor. She found a sad little girl that was abandoned and bruised, friends that were in trouble with the government, and a new daughter that was almost kidnapped. Even throughout all of those hard times Taylor managed to not â€Å"freak out† she always looked at life in the positive eye. Taylor is a strong woman, and even though people have their weaknesses she was a great mother to Turtle. Out of all the evil in her life she made it look so simple to deal with. â€Å"†¦I was not the smartest or even particularly outstanding but I was there and staying out of trouble and I intended to finish† (3). Taylor was not the perfect mother or a perfect person, but she had a great heart and a great passion to do the right thing, and that she was amazing at.

Learn About the Von Thunen Model

The Von Thunen model of agricultural land use (also called location theory) was created by the German farmer, landowner, and amateur economist Johann Heinrich Von Thunen (1783–1850). He presented it in 1826 in a book called The Isolated State, but it wasnt translated into English until 1966. Von Thunen created his model before industrialization and in it, he laid the foundation for what we know as the field of human geography. He strove to identify trends of peoples economic relationship with the landscape surrounding them. What Is the Von Thunen Model? The Von Thunen model is a theory which, after Von Thunens own observations and very meticulous mathematical calculations, predicts human behavior in terms of landscape and economy. Like any other scientific experiment or theory, it is based on a series of assumptions, that Von Thunen sums up in his concept of an Isolated State. Von Thunen was interested in ways people tend to use and would use the land around a city if the conditions were laboratory-like, as in his Isolated State. His premise is that if people have the freedom to organize the landscape around their cities as they wish, they will naturally set up their economy—growing and selling crops, livestock, timber, and produce— into what Von Thunen identified as Four Rings. Isolated State The following are the conditions Von Thunen noted as the basis for his model. These are laboratory-style conditions and dont necessarily exist in the real world. But they are a workable basis for his agricultural theory, which seemed to reflect how people actually organized their world and how some modern agricultural regions are still laid out. The city is located centrally within an Isolated State that is self-sufficient and has no external influences.The Isolated State is surrounded by an unoccupied wilderness.The land of the State is completely flat and has no rivers or mountains to interrupt the terrain.The soil quality and climate are consistent throughout the State.Farmers in the Isolated State transport their own goods to market via oxcart, across the land, directly to the central city. Therefore, there are no roads.Farmers act to maximize profits. The Four Rings In an Isolated State with the foregoing statements being true, Von Thunen hypothesized that a pattern of rings around the city would develop based on land cost and transportation cost.   Dairying and intensive farming occur in the ring closest to the city: Because vegetables, fruit, milk, and other dairy products must get to market quickly, they would be produced close to the city. (Remember, in the 19th century, people didnt have refrigerated oxcarts that would enable them to travel larger distances.) The first ring of land is also more expensive, so the agricultural products from that area would have to be highly valuable ones and the rate of return maximized.Timber and firewood: These would be produced for fuel and building materials in the second zone. Before industrialization (and coal power), wood was a very important fuel for heating and cooking, and thus comes in second in value after dairy and produce. Wood is also very heavy and difficult to transport, so it is located as close to the city as possible to minimize additional transportation costs.Crops: The third zone consists of extensive field crops such as grains for bread. Because grains last longer than dairy products and are much lighter than wood, reducing transport costs, they can be located farther from the city.Livestock: Ranching is located in the final ring surrounding the central city. Animals can be raised far from the city because they are self-transporting—they can walk to the central city for sale or for butchering. Beyond the fourth ring lies the unoccupied wilderness, which is too great a distance from the central city for any type of agricultural product because the amount earned for the product doesnt justify the expenses of producing it after transportation to the city is factored in. What the Model Can Tell Us Even though the Von Thunen model was created in a time before factories, highways, and even railroads, it is still an important model in geography. It is an excellent illustration of the balance between land cost and transportation costs. As one gets closer to a city, the price of land increases. The farmers of the Isolated State balance the cost of transportation, land, and profit and produce the most cost-effective product for the market. Of course, in the real world, things dont happen as they would in a model, but Von Thunens model gives us a good base to work from.