Introduction to global politics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Introduction to global politics - Term Paper Example China is now the cynosure of eyes in pure business terms. Countries like India and Brazil have also been able to invite world attention, as huge investment possibility exists in these poor countries as well. Countries like India and Brazil have also been able to invite world attention, as huge investment possibility exists in these poor countries as well. Unlike earlier times, when the military might was the only yardstick to measure the strength of a country, today the economic strength holds key. Strategic tie-ups take place amongst countries depending upon the economic leverages being held by each country. The classical liberalism limited the role of governments to maintaining social order, enforcing law and defending the country against foreign aggressions. This kind of liberalism hinged on individualism, with respective countries making best efforts to safeguard their own interests. But, over the years this philosophy has widened to a great extent. The neo-liberalism not only in cludes the individualistic or country specific aspects, but it also includes regional interest as well as global interests. For example, the recession hit economies of US and the European nations is a matter of concern for almost all countries around the world, because a weak US economy, weaker dollar, weaker Euro would imply all round losses to many countries around the world. On the other side, the neo-liberalism promotes institutions like world bank or IMF, which provide easier loans and financial assistance to nations in need of such assistance. Q-3. Is 'National Interest' a useful concept for understanding the actions of states It is true that in the market driven economy, the 'interest' of states lies well beyond the boundaries of the state. But, the 'national interest' proves crucial for shaping policies, retaining power and winning the confidence of corporate world. Therefore, the 'national interest' is indeed a very useful concept in understanding the actions of states. For the sake of argument it can also be said that in today's materialistic world, number of political people have become more of self-serving nature, but it is equally true that they too realise the importance of 'national interest'. If the national interest goes, their own identity too melts away. While devising policies for foreign trade, tripartite agreements or regional framework agreements, a state is supposed to keep its national interests supreme, while extending ground to other state/s Q-4. What are the key causes of war If we analyse the causes of the two world wars, it becomes abundantly clear that the imperialistic policies of some nations was a key factor in antagonising other countries which in turn translated into wars. But, it must also be emphasised that when some of the European nations established their colonies in foreign land, they started exploiting the alien land for the natural resources and trade prospects. This indicates that economic interest was equally relevant even during those days. It was only after the oppressed people started reacting, that war like situations started. War can take place on economic, industrial, racial, religious, cultural issues. Therefore in general key causes of war include

Law of Contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Law of Contract - Essay Example Joanne, Vanessa’s business advisor and representative, Arnold hid the fact that the wood panelling in FF’s sauna facilities are rough, unpleasant to the touch, and require repairs, such that without examining the facilities further, Joanne reported to Vanessa that the facilities were â€Å"first rate†. Furthermore, Arnold also informed Vanessa of further improvement he plans to have done on FF prior to the sale, particularly the installation of massage facilities, which he eventually forgone when he discovered the costs required for these improvements. Thus, Vanessa, in believing she was entering into a good bargain bought the leisure centre. It was only after buying FF however, that Vanessa discovered several work needed to be done on the leisure centre, particularly the need to repair the rowing machines, which costs  £10,000 and the need to re-panel the sauna costing  £5,000, leading Vanessa to believe she was misled by Arnold into entering their contract of sale. The main issue is therefore whether or not Arnold, in failing to disclose the facts that (a) 20 of the 100 rowing machines were not working, (b) that he no longer intends to install additional massage facilities, and that (c) the wooden panels in the sauna are not in good condition, has committed either a breach of contract or misrepresentation against Vanessa. Furthermore, other issues are also present, particularly whether or not Joanne, in failing to properly examine the leisure centre and reporting it as â€Å"first rate† to Vanessa renders her liable t owards the latter. And whether or not, Vanessa has suffered losses resulting from the bargain; and if so, if she can claim damages for her loss. Given the contractual relationship between the parties, a breach of contract would have been committed by Arnold if it can be shown that he violated an expressed or implied term in their transaction, or a collateral contract resulting from their transaction. Hence, if a contract was drawn and terms

The Utilization of Reversible Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors Case Study

The Utilization of Reversible Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors - Case Study Example Apparently, there is the need for more data to confirm current preliminary findings, as well as for more data on head-to-head comparisons of the reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. The purpose of this paper is to review the available literature on the utilization of reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in the management of Alzheimer’s dementia. The review will address issues of current interest surrounding the mechanism of action of the reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, the difficulties associated with designing appropriate clinical trial methodologies, issues concerning the relevance of current trial methodologies to long-term care settings, the current state of knowledge with regard to a putative neuroprotective effect of the reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, new technological methods for assessing efficacy of reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, and issues with available information on parallel comparisons between the commonly used reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Finally, practical issues surrounding the clinical use of the reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors will be reviewed, with a focus on associa ted adverse drug reactions and optimization of dosage regimens. In the United States, there are estimated to be possibly up to 4.8 million cases (Brookmeyer, Gray, & Kawas, 1998). It is predominant among the people over 65 (Hebert et al., 1995) with a prevalence of about 6% to 8%, and more than 50% of people aged 85 years and older experience bouts of dementia (Jay M. Ellis, 2005; Samanta et al., 2006) . Given the current population demographic trends in the United States and the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease, the National Institutes of Health has projected that, by the year 2030, there could be 8.5 million Alzheimer’s patients in America (J. M. Ellis & Ellis, 2005) . Alzheimer’s dementia incapacitates the sufferers from performing normal activities of daily living (ADL), and as the disease worsens, they become unable to function without assistance and have to rely on other people for their everyday care, whether family caregivers or nursing home care providers (Bullock & Bullock, 2004; Jay M. Ellis, 2005).     

Hazardous Waste and Clean-up Costs Essay Example for Free

Hazardous Waste and Clean-up Costs Essay CERCLA was enacted, along with its sister law RCRA which came before it, to deal with the environmental damage that was being caused by improper waste disposal. CERCLA’s goals are to clean up old dump sites and discourage future illegal dumping. CERCLA imposes few direct regulatory obligations and is designed to force cleanups and allocate the cost of cleaning up via its liability and cleanup provisions. The basic principle is that the potentially responsible parties such as waste generators, transporters, and/or owners operators of facilities that are responsible for hazardous waste pollution should pay for its cleanup. Through CERCLA’s strict liability scheme any company that illegally spills or dumps hazardous substances is liable for the clean-up whether or not the action was negligent. Also, through joint and several liability, each party that contributed waste to a site is responsible for its cleanup. So if Joe Blow is found liable for the clean-up of a site and happens to find any evidence that another company may have contributed as well, Joe Blow can legally pursue them to pay their â€Å"fair share† of the clean-up costs. A perfect example of this was the Girl Scout story told in our environmental law class where a Girl Scout cookie box was found in a site by a company that was fingered for clean-up. The company then tried to accuse the Girl Scouts organization of having to pay the cost of clean-up as well. Furthermore, through retroactive liability, all responsible parties have to clean-up the site even if the damage was done before the law was enacted. CERCLA has criteria for its two types of clean-up procedures which are removal and remedial. Removal actions are generally short term actions such as fencing off an area, studying the soil and removing the hazardous substances to remove the immediate threat from the site. Remedial actions are generally long term actions necessary to clean-up sites to meet final clean-up standards which may include removal or incineration of the contaminated soil to reduce the threat from the site. Through these liability clean-up provisions CERCLA strives to achieve its purpose. CERCLA was later amended in 1980 by SARA (Superfund Amendment Reauthorization Act), enacted to strengthen CERCLA by requiring that site cleanups be permanent and that they use treatments that significantly reduce the volume, toxicity, or mobility of hazardous pollutants. SARA not only increased the size of the Superfund but imposed more stringent requirements when it established more detailed clean-up standards, added new settlement procedures, established mandatory schedules for federal facility compliance, and added provisions to expand the involvement of states and citizen groups in the decision making process. Some major criticisms of CERCLA are that it has been ineffective in cleaning up the nation’s hazardous waste sites, that it has wasted more money on transaction and litigation costs than on clean-up, and that it is unfair to parties that contribute minimally but are liable for the total cost of the clean-up of a site. As for it being ineffective, my opinion is that it is effective because it could be much worse. Craig Collins, a professor of environmental law and the author of â€Å"Toxic Loopholes: Failures and Future Prospects for Environmental Law† points out that â€Å"the dramatic decline in ‘midnight dumping’ since CERCLA became law reveals how effective this liability threat can be† (p. 88). He also has shared within his classroom that mismanaged hazardous waste spills and dumps which used to be commonplace before CERCLA are rare these days. Has the Superfund been wasteful? Clearly you would think this if you’re looking at the percentage of money that has gone into legal fees and litigation costs alone but according to Collins, Superfund has also funded aid for â€Å"toxic terrorism and natural disasters such as the World Trade Center collapse and the devastating Midwest floods of 1993† (p. 99). When looking at it from that lens I can see that it has been just as helpful in many areas as it may have been considered wasteful in others. Regarding unfairness to those who minimally contribute but face the total cost of clean-up, a provision of CERCLA, as addressed by SARA, swiftly settles the liability of those parties through de minimis settlements. Don’t think I don’t understand that just as CERCLA could be worse it could also be better. First of all, it could work a lot better if the people creating laws, such as CERCLA, were actually more concerned about the environment than their powerful colleagues and certain incentives. More specifically, if we continued to allow corporate taxes which supplied money for Superfund clean-ups (which Bush allowed to expire in 1995) we would have money to clean-up many of the orphaned sites that now go uncleaned. Furthermore, if CERCLA forced all companies to use and help promote the â€Å"zero waste† approach, we could then prove that experiences such as the Love Canals, Times Beach Missouri, and Grand Bois actually did mean enough to all of us to do something more unified and serious about it.

Cost Benefit Analysis of Third-Party Intervention in Intrastate Conflic

Cost Benefit Analysis of Third-Party Intervention in Intrastate Conflict GIVEN THE RECENT PROLIFERATION OF INTRASTATE CONFLICT, THE ROLE OF THIRD-PARTY INTERVENTION HAS BECOME INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT TO THE PEACE AND SECURITY OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM. HOWEVER, THE ESCALATION OF VIOLENCE OFTEN ATTRIBUTED TO MILITARY FORMS OF INTERVENTION MAY HAVE SEVERE COSTS FOR BOTH THE TARGET OF INTERVENTION AND THE STATE CHOOSING TO INTERVENE. PAST LITERATURE HAS FOCUSED ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SUCH INTERVENTION WITHOUT PROPERLY EVALUATING THE REASONS WHY A THIRD-PARTY CHOOSES TO COMMIT MILITARY RESOURCES TO SUCH ENDEAVORS. THIS STUDY WILL EXAMINE BOTH THE RELATIVE CAPABILITIES OF THE ACTORS INVOLVED, AND THE STATED REASONS FOR INTERVENTION, IN AN ATTEMPT TO DISCOVER WHAT SET OF CIRCUMSTANCES CAUSE AGGRESSIVE FORMS OF INTERVENTION. COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS IS EMPLOYED BY THIRD PARTIES AND IS ASSUMED TO DICTATE THE WAY IN WHICH INTERVENTION TAKES PLACE. ULTIMATELY, THE MATERIAL INTERESTS OF THE INTERVENER SEEM TO PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN THE DECISION TO TAKE AGGRES SIVE ACTION IN A TARGET STATE. Introduction Since the conclusion of World War II, the nature of military conflict has been dominated by clashes between internal state actors. Indeed, as much as 80 percent of the wars and casualties since World War II have been caused by internal conflicts (David 1997). Each day the world is presented with a tragic loss of life connected with the instability of sovereign states. In the six-day period between October 8th and October 13th of 2003, the Wall Street Journal reported a disturbing set of events. Tribal fighters in the Congo shot and hacked to death 65 civilians; a car bomb in Bogotà ¡, Colombia, killed at least six people... ...t should provide a basis for drawing conclusions with regard to the decision-making criteria for an intervening state. [4] While I fully recognize that the distinction between 1000 and 1001 troops is problematic, I believe this threshold better captures the distinction between aggressive and passive intervention than the 5000 or 10,000 troop thresholds. This is the best option given the distinctions offered by the available data. [5] The number of naval vessels involved in these activities is ignored because the distinction between 4 and 5 vessels that is offered by the data is unhelpful for the distinction between passive and aggressive intervention. [6] In order to avoid using a zero as part of the scale, I have automatically given each case one point. [7] See â€Å"Operationalization of the Independent Variables† for a description of the scale created.

Human Growth & Development Through the Life Stages Essay

In this assignment I will research on the lifespan of someone in older adulthood 65+ years that I know personally and I’ll conduct an interview with my chosen individual. My chosen individual was my Grandma. She is 95 years old and she has experienced all the life stages expect for one because she has not reached them yet. Here is the information I found out about her physical, intellectual, social and emotional development during each life stage. P1: Task 1 Describe physical, intellectual, emotional and social development for each of the life stages of an individual. Physical Development Physical Development of my Grandma from Life stage 3 my grandma at the age of 3 could go to the toilet on her own. This was due to environment around her. In life stage 4: Childhood the main that happened to her was the start of school because she was so protect an became more aware of herself physical especially when she was age 10. Life stage 5: Adolescence. Is when puberty started and physical my grandma could see that she had inherited a lot of physical features for example her mother and her grandma had large breast and she started developing large breast. Her period start and because my grandma got married young this meant she could have her first child and in Africa this is a big thing because this means that you have become a lady. Life stages 6 Adult hood, in this time my grandma said that in the begin of this stage when she was 21-22 years old that she was at her peak she had three kid and was happy but as the years pasted and she had more children it started become difficult and tried. She said â€Å"at first it felt weird but when I got use to it better this way†. Life stage 7: Older Adulthood My Grandmother is 95 years old so physical she is in good shape she can still walk and move around, but the illness that makes get around because she got arthritis but as for everything else is good. Intellectual Development Intellectual Development of my grandma. Life stage 3: 0-3 years language skills developed because she could understand her native language and French this mad communication with the other around her easier. When she was 4-10  years old Life stage 4: Childhood the start of school was the main thing her it allowed her to learn new things and she enjoy it. Her each improve and by the year of 6 she could write and read in fluent French and her native language. My grandma at 8 years old use to families because with her sibling. By the time she was 10 her parent could not effort to send her to school anymore. Life stage 5: adolescence because my grandmother had to drop out of school she wanted to get married so she did at the age of 14, this allowed her to develop her mind more then the other girls in her age because she learnt about what it was like to be married at a young age. She also became smart street wise because she learnt thing that she never knew before. Life stage 6: Adulthood My grandmother has never had a job in her life because her job was to looking her children and husband. In this life stage my grandmother found out what it is like to have a family and how to take care of them. Life stage 7: My grandma in this stage has become so very wise because she has gone past more then 65 years of her life, the only problem is that she has started to forget thing that are in her short term memory but not the long term part. Social and Emotional Development Life stage 3 my grandmother social and emotional development during this stage my grandmother didn’t get a lot of social practice because it was only her and her parents at that time. By the time she reached 6 years old (life stage 4) is developed even more especially emotional because she was able to understand that things were hard for her parent so there would be time where she would want something but because she knew that they didn’t have she wouldn’t ask, she started feeling bad for her parents. At this age she could I identify her feelings. Her Social Development improved to because as she was going to school it allowed her to socialize and make friends with other children. And building friendships was easy. Life stage 5: At the age of 10 my grandma was pulled out of school because so she know not speak to any of her friend or teacher the only relationships she had was the one that were made with her younger siblings. Emotional she was angry, hurt, crushed and frustrated and she lash out on her parents but after a while she understood. Also during this stage she married at the age of 14 and she fell in love with someone other then a family member. Life stage 6: AT this stage in her life she informed long term friends and a long term partner. She  began thinking about her own family. Life stage 7: My grandma 95 so she is lucky to still be live that long, but she says it’s a blessing and a curse because she watched two husbands die and has out lived 7 of her children. She said it was painful, but she believe that god want her to se all her great grandchildren. M1: Task 2 discusses the nature-nurture debate and relate to the development of your chosen individual. Historically most philosophers and theorist have argued that we are boat o be the way we are. Other theorists have argued that it is the way we are brought up and influenced by our surroundings that makes us the way we are. This historical argument is known as the nature and nature debate Nature-is the genetic and biological influences Nurture- is the economic and environmental influences Biological programming Genes provide the instruction for structuring our bodies shape and size as we’ll as out behavior depending on the interaction of our biology with border environmental factors. A human being is the result of the interaction of genes and the environmental influences they are exposed to. It’s argued that our genes can program the amino acids which influence our body cells. Human developments are not programmed by genes although development may be influenced by genes. The maturation theory  some aspects of development such as the ability to speak a first language are thought to be due to an in built genetic process. Genetic factors  each living cell in the human body have a nucleus with 23 pairs of chromosomes inside it. One chromosome comes from the father, one comes from the mother. Each chromosome carries units of inheritance known as genes and these genes interact to create a new set of instructions for making a new person. This means in these chromosomes there is DNA which holds which controls what a person looks like, how there behave etc. For example when my grandma was in her teens she never grew as much in height as she wanted to  this was because her mother and father were not tall people and no one in her family grew above 5.11ft. she inherited this from her mother and father it is a her genes. Environmental factored Culture, religion and belief Culture can be identified by distinct aspects of language self-presentation religion music art architecture and literature; children learn the custom associated with their families. In the past most children would have learned the culture and religion associated with their local community everyone on a particular estate, street or work and social roles. Values and attitudes your beliefs values and attitudes are influenced by your socialization with family careers and peer groups. Your values and attitudes can also be influenced by your life experiences and the culture that you are exposed to in your neighborhood and that your access. P2: Explain the potential effects of five different life factors on the development of your chosen individual. Genetic When my grandma was in her teens she started to develop big breast, she may have gotten them from her mom this is because when it came to height she wasn’t tall because no one grow above 5.9ft. This is a hereditary trait in our family. From her mum she got her mum she got her facial structure for example her mouth her nose and her eyes. This shows that her mum had the most dominate genes. Biological factors As a teenager my grandma never left school at the age of 10 so she never really did anything expect look after her brothers and sisters while her mother and father worked. Her mother had 12 kids and got married at 13, because my grandmother thought at the time that she wanted to be exactly like her mother when reached age 14 and a half she was married. This meant that my grandmother never got to know what, because she would have needed to look after her children and her husband. This affect her in a big way because she thought that it would be easy but it was difficult. Environmental According to my grandma growing up in West Africa, Sierra Leone and at that time there was no independents and it was hard because of the high crime rate and how people where treated such as killing ECT. Her parents farm got taken away and they to become diamond miners which was one of the worst jobs ever due to this my grandmother sometimes had to slave for food just to survive because her mum didn’t want to do much. She said â€Å"we were poor but we were happy† it was nice at times because she was able to spend time with her family a lot. Where she lived was like the suburbs so she knew all her neighbors and they also helped to bring her up when her mum and dad had to work. Socio Economic My grandma came from a lower class family in Sierra Leone the only people black people who had money ere the croyos they were the tribe who did what the British said and forgot there roots. This affected my grandma in a way that she had to stop going to school because her parents couldn’t afford. Peer wise she was ok because most of her friends were like her so she was fine being what was and it affects her intellectually. Life style My grandma got married at an old age she lived her life by what her husband says, it is just the way it is in Africa, for example she always want to work but her husband said NO because she has to look after the kids. The way she spend her money and time was simple the money her husband give her was to go out and buy the things that she needed to cook and clean the house for that day and that is the way it was everyday. P3: Explain the influences of two predictable and two unpredictable major life events on the development of the individual Though out life every person will go many different events in their life. Theses life events will be: During our life we are influenced by a range of life factors and we are influenced by the events which happen to us. Some major changes in life can be predicted and even chosen while others maybe un predicted. If your life suddenly changes there is always the risk that you will feel out of control and stressed. But some life 2events can be predicted to a point where they were planned. A Predictable life event for my chosen individual was Marriage because my grandmother knew that she would have to get married, especially due to the time in which she was born in marriage was a must. This event was positive because she loved the man she married someone that she could trust and get comfort from whenever she needed it. The negative influences may be the change of lifestyle. Parenthood- My grandmother new that she had to have kids she even planned it with her husband because she Could continue her husband and her bloodline, but she was not expecting to have as many as she did. This was a negative because it changed her lifestyle in a huge way. Unpredicted life events Bereavement: †¢After the loss of my grandfather, my grandmother was left pregnant with her first born so she had to deal with bereavement during pregnancy with their 4 which wasn’t good for the baby. The positive effect was that she was able to remain strong for her child and begin a new lifestyle, got married and had more children. †¢Another lost that had a huge impact is the 7 of children especially the 4 recent deaths, this had a negative effect on physically and mentally because she would think that god was punishing her. Said if it was not for her grand-children or family members she would have gone crazy. P4: Explain two theories of ageing. Activity theory states that the elderly person who ages in a positive and healthy way, are the one who stays active and continue to interact with the world around resist the withdrawal of the social world. The individual who is able to maintain the activities of the middle years for as long as possible will be well adjusted and satisfied with life in the later years. Disengagement theory looks at aging as a process in with an older person withdraws themselves from their community, as expected by society. The theory states that the withdrawal of the older person benefits both individuals and society. This theory is one of the earliest and controversial theories of aging because of the way that they view aging as a process of gradual withdrawal between society and the older adult. Is called disengagement because it is when a person get to a point of their lives way  they decide to stop interacting with society and it known to be a natural, acceptable, and universal process that comes with growing old. M2: Discuss two major theories of ageing in relation to the development of your chosen individual Activity theory states that the elderly person who ages in a positive and healthy way, are the one who stays active and continue to interact with the world around resist the withdrawal of the social world. An individual who is able to maintain the activities of the middle years for as long as possible will be well adjusted and satisfied with life in the later years. This theory effect my chosen person in a positive way because not being able to meet as many people friends family because of not being able to get around easily did not affect my individual because she always had her family around her so her social interaction with others did not change, she also did not withdrawn from interacted her community she would attended community get to gathers. Say it is due to the support her family gives her if not would have disengaged with the outside world. Biological changes – changes in the body muscles and cells deterioration of eye sight, hearing, movements, muscles illnesses and diseases, but there theories are all based around how this works. One theory of biological changes is Genetic Cellular theory. This theory states that you will live according to the age that the elderly members of their families did. â€Å"Humans with long lived parents and grandparents live an average of 6 years longer than those whose parents die before the age of 50.† This theory also affected my chosen individual because she is 95 years old and she believes it is due to the fact that the woman in her family live longer. For example her grandmothers die in august 2007at the age of 109 years old and so on. The negative is they tend to outlive husband and children, especially my grandmother she has outlived 7 of her children and 2 husbands. P5: Explain the physical and psychological changes which may be associated with ageing. Psychological changes – losing mental functions can lead to loss of self –esteem and withdrawal from others. Women tend to live longer they experience more losses from family and friends, this factor can  influence our wellbeing. A Psychological theory called the Disengagement theory looks at aging as a process in with an older person withdraws themselves from their community, as expected by society. The theory states that the withdrawal of the older person benefits both individuals and society. This theory is one of the earliest and controversial theories of aging because of the way 8that they view aging as a process of gradual withdrawal between society and the older adult. Is called disengagement because it is when a person gets to a point of their lives where they decide to stop interacting with society and it is known to be a natural, acceptable, and universal process that com es with growing old. Biological changes – changes in the body muscles and cells deterioration of eye sight, hearing, movements, muscles illnesses and diseases, but there theories all around as to how this works. One theory of biological changes is Genetic Cellular theory. This theory states that you will live according to the age that the elderly members of their families did. This theory says that â€Å"Humans with long lived parents and grandparents live an average of 6 years longer than those whose parents die before the age of 50.† Sociological changes – not being able to meet as many people friends family because of not being able to get around easily may move to other areas not knowing people have network of support. The social world may withdraw from older people, making it more difficult for them to fulfill these needs. A Sociological theory called the Activity theory states that the elderly person who ages in a positive and healthy way, are the one who stays active and continue to interact with the world around resist the withdrawal of the social world. The individual who is able to maintain the activities of the middle years for as long as possible will be well adjusted and satisfied with life in the later years. M3: Discuss the effects on self-esteem and self-confidence of the physical changes associated with ageing. During ageing wrinkles start to develop, your vision may start to deteriorate, many older people have good-to-adequate vision, and your hearing may also deteriorate. Hearing loss affects the older person’s ability to talk easily with others. Older persons may be frustrated or embarrassed about not being able to understand what is  being said. They may have to ask people to repeat themselves, or endure shouting when a speaker tries to be heard. They even refrain from making conversation out of fair of making unrelated comments or they may just be embarrassed. You may even lose some taste; the loss is minor and does not seem to occur in most people until well after 70. Addition, joints stiffen and connecting ligaments between bones lose their elasticity. Hand and foot pain may occur. Some will have poor circulation; the older heart slows down and is less able to pump blood through the body than the younger heart. A decrease in circulation also contributes to cold sensitivity, particularly in the hands and feet. This will have an effect on older person self-esteem; they will begin to feel like they have no more purpose in life and some may feel like they are a bourdon on people because they can’t really help themselves much. If an older person starts felling like this, it will allow the disengagement theory to be put in play because when a person like they have one purpose in the world then they will not engage with yours because they feel alone and will most likely become anti-social and will isolate themselves form others. This will also effect there self-confidence because they might not want to show there face because of the way there look.

Noun and Ans

GRAMMAR Topics: †¢ A or an †¢ Sentences using Yes, it is/No, it isn’t †¢ Sentences using Yes, they are/No, they aren’t †¢ Singular Plural †¢ Punctuation †¢ My Favorite Fruit (Essay) †¢ This is, There is/These are, There are †¢ My Mom (Essay) †¢ Noun †¢ Proper Nouns †¢ Verb †¢ Sentences using can/can’t †¢ My Pet (Essay) †¢ Words/Opposites †¢ Masculine/Feminine †¢ Comprehension Unit 0: Topic 1: A or an Definition: Exercise: (in copy) Q1: Fill in the blanks with a or an? 1. It’s a mat. 2. This is an umbrella. 3. It’s a book. 4. It’s an orange. 5. This is a fish. 6. It’s a tree. 7. It’s a cup. . This is an egg. 9. This is a pencil. 10. It’s an insect. Topic 2: Introducing â€Å"Myself† 1. My name is _____________. 2. I am ___________ years old. 3. I like to _________________. 4. I live with my _____________. 5. There are __________ people i n my family. 6. I live in _________. Topic 3: Sentences using â€Å"Yes, it is/No, it isn’t† 1. Is it a mat? *. Yes, it is. 2. Is it an orange? * No, it isn’t. 3. Is it an apple? * Yes, it is. 4. Is it a rat? *. No, it isn’t. 5. Is it an egg? * Yes, it is. 6. Is it a cat? *. No, it isn’t. †Topic 4: â€Å"Singular / Plural† Definition: Singular |Plural | | | | |Cat |Cats | |Hat |Hats | |Pencil |Pencils | |Book |Books | |Door |Doors | |Egg |Eggs | |Banana |Bananas | |Rat |Rats | |Tree |Trees | |Biscuit |Biscuits | Topic 5: â€Å"Punctuation† Definition: Example: 1. Monkeys live in the trees. 2. I am a boy. 3. Dog is an animal. Exercise (in copy) Q1: Use capital letters and full stop. 1. there are two apples *. There are two apples. 2. sky is blue *. Sky is blue. 3. honey is sweet *. Honey is sweet. 4. ali has a pencil *. Ali has a pencil. 5. he was born in karachi *. He was born in Karachi. Work Sheet Punctuation Marks R ewrite these sentences using capital letters, full stop. 1. i like to eat vegetables __________________________________________________________________________ 2. this kite belongs to ali _________________________________________________________________________ 3. i like to paint and read books __________________________________________________________________________ 4. he is eating __________________________________________________________________________ 5. rana has a new bicycle __________________________________________________________________________ 6. i will go to school tomorrow __________________________________________________________________________ Work Sheet Punctuation Marks Rewrite these sentences using capital letters, full stop. 1. i like to eat vegetables I like to eat vegetables. 2. this kite belongs to ali This kite belongs to Ali. 3. like to paint and read books I like to paint and read books. 4. he is eating He is eating. 5. rana has a new bicycle Rana has a n ew bicycle. 6. i will go to school tomorrow I will go to school tomorrow. Topic 6: â€Å"MY FAVORITE FRUIT† (ESSAY) 1. My favorite fruit is apple. 2. It is red in colour. 3. It has many seeds. 4. Its taste is sweet. 5. I like it very much. â€Å"COMPREHENSION† Read passage and do the exercise? â€Å"A LITTLE FAIRY† Once there was a little fairy called Cindy. She lived in a little house in the forest. She had four lovely squirrels named Munch, Crunch, Punch and Bunch. They all had big, bright eyes and long tails. They loved to eat nuts.One day they left the nutshells all over the house and Cindy got very angry. She decided to punish them by not giving them food for a day. They learnt their lesson and did not mess up the house again. Answer the following question? Q1: Who was Cindy? Ans: __________________________________________________________________________ Q2: Where did she live? Ans: __________________________________________________________________________ Q3: How many squirrels were there? Ans: __________________________________________________________________________ Q4: What did the squirrels do one day? Ans: __________________________________________________________________________ Q5: How did Cindy punish them?Ans: __________________________________________________________________________ â€Å"COMPREHENSION† Key Read passage and do the exercise? â€Å"A LITTLE FAIRY† Once there was a little fairy called Cindy. She lived in a little house in the forest. She had four lovely squirrels named Munch, Crunch, Punch and Bunch. They all had big, bright eyes and long tails. They loved to eat nuts. One day they left the nutshells all over the house and Cindy got very angry. She decided to punish them by not giving them food for a day. They learnt their lesson and did not mess up the house again. Answer the following question? Q1: Who was Cindy? Ans: Cindy was a little fairy. Q2: Where did she live? Ans: She lived in a little house in the forest.Q3: How many squirrels were there? Ans: There were four squirrels. Q4: What did the squirrels do one day? Ans: They left the nutshells all over the house. Q5: How did Cindy punish them? Ans: She decided to punish them by not giving them food for a day. Topic 7: â€Å"This is, There is† â€Å"These are, There are† Definition: â€Å"Sentences on â€Å"This is† 1. This is a book. 2. This is a clock. 3. This is a pencil. 4. This is an orange. 5. This is an egg. Sentences on â€Å"There is† 1. There is a glass. 2. There is an umbrella. 3. There is an aeroplane. 4. There is a ruler. 5. There is a leaf. Sentences â€Å"These are† 1. These are apple. 2. These are cats. 3. These are buttons. 4. These are doors. 5.These are pins. Sentences on â€Å"There are† 1. There are two cups. 2. There are three balls. 3. There are some kites. 4. There are four fishes. 5. There are five tins. Topic 8: â€Å"MY MOM†(Essay) 1. My Momâ₠¬â„¢s name is ________________________. 2. She is ________ year old. 3. She is very beautiful. 4. She cooks food very tasty. 5. She takes care of me. 6. I love my mom very much. Topic 9: â€Å"Noun† Definition: Example: Sara, Table, Cat, Karachi. Q1: Underline the mouse? 1. I have a pencil. 2. Sara is reading a book. 3. The hen has a pen. 4. Fish lives in water. 5. He went to Islamabad. 6. Ali and Tom are friends. 7. This jug is big. 8. I like to eat pizza. Note: Pencil, Sara, book, hen, pen, fish, Islamabad, Ali Tom, jug, pizza are nouns) * Topic 10: â€Å"PROPER NOUNS† Definition: Example: 1. Tom and Jerry. 2. Monday. 3. July 4. Summer. 5. Lahore. â€Å"Exercise† Q1: Circle the Proper nouns? School, bag,Lahore, cake, Monday, van, pen, Donald Duck, ruler, Winter, shoes, March, book, America, bell, cup, Edison. Note: (Lahore, Monday, Donald Duck, Winter, March, America, Edison are proper nouns) Topic 11: â€Å"VERB† Definition: Example: 1. Eating. 2. Drin king. 3. Sleeping. 4. Reading. 5. Playing. Q1: Underline the verbs? 1. She is eating a cake. 2. They are going in a garden. 3. We are reading books. 4. You are laughing. 5. He is playing football. 6. Ali is crying. Note: eating, going, reading, laughing, playing, crying, are Verb) Topic 12: â€Å"SENTENCES USING CAN/CAN’T† Definition: Example: 1. I can sleep. 2. I can play. 3. I can’t swim. 1. Can a cat run? *. Yes, it can. 2. Can a bee swim? *. No, it can’t. 3. Can you play football? *. Yes, I can. 4. Can you jump? *. Yes, I can. 5. Can you cook food? *. No, I can’t. Topic 13 : |Animals |Sounds | |Cat. |mew. | |Dog |bark. | |Hen |cluck. |Cow |moo. | |Goat |bleat | |Duck |quack. | |Wolf |howl. | |Horse |neigh. | |Donkey |bray. | |Snake |hiss. | Topic 14: Words / Opposites |Words Opposite | |On |Off | |In |Out | |Up |Down | |Come |Go | |Black |White | |Sit |Stand | |Dry |Wet | |Old |New | |Hard |Soft | |Near |Far | Topic 15: Masculine / F eminine Masculine |Feminine | |He |She | |Boy |Girl | |Father |Mother | |Brother |Sister |Son |Daughter | |Man |Woman | |King |Queen | |Bull |Cow | |Sir |Madam | |Horse |Mare | Topic 16: COMPREHENSION† Read passage and do the exercise? â€Å"THE SINGING GRASSHOPPER† Once upon a time, there were two friends. They lived in the jingle. They were the ant the grasshopper. The ant was hard working insect. Everyday, it would go out to look for food. It would than bring the food back to its nest. The grasshopper was a lazy insect. It did not like to do any work. Instead, it lived to sing all long. Answer the following questions: Q1: Where did the two friends live? Ans: ________________________________________________________________________ Q2: Who were the two friends? Ans: ________________________________________________________________________Q3: What kind of an insect was the ant? Ans: ________________________________________________________________________ Q4: Wh ere did the ant bring back its food? Ans: ________________________________________________________________________ Q5: What kind of insect was the grasshopper? Ans: ________________________________________________________________________ Q6: What did the grasshopper do all the day? Ans: ________________________________________________________________________ â€Å"COMPREHENSION† KEY Read passage and do the exercise? â€Å"THE SINGING GRASSHOPPER† Once upon a time, there were two friends. They lived in the jingle. They were the ant the grasshopper.The ant was hard working insect. Everyday, it would go out to look for food. It would than bring the food back to its nest. The grasshopper was a lazy insect. It did not like to do any work. Instead, it lived to sing all long. Answer the following questions: Q1: Where did the two friends live? Ans: Two friends lived in the jungle. Q2: Who were the two friends? Ans: They were the ant and the grasshopper. Q3: What kind of an ins ect was the ant? Ans: The ant was hard working. Q4: Where did the ant bring back its food? Ans: The ant brought back its food to its nest. Q5: What kind of insect was the grasshopper? Ans: The grasshopper was a lazy insect.Q6: What did the grasshopper do all the day? Ans: It loved to sing all long. ———————– â€Å"A† is used before consonant. â€Å"An† is used before vowels. Vowels a, e, i , o u Singular means one thing. Plural means more than one thing. Every sentences should begin with a capital latter and end with a full stop. â€Å"This is and there is, are used with one thing†. There are and these are used with two or more things. Word that name things are called â€Å"Nouns†. Names of people, days, months, cities and seasons are a special kind of noun. They are called â€Å"Proper noun†. Doing words are called â€Å"Verbs†. We use â€Å"can† to talk about things that people are able to do.